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Count of Beats: How to determine the frequency of Unknown Tuning Fork

Feb 18, 2024 PCM TUTORIALS 7 Comment

Count of Beats : How to determine the frequency of Unknown Tuning Fork

Beats is a popular word among musician. Using beats formation concept, they tune their instruments while playing them against some standard frequency. All instruments come into tune when beats disappear. Now the instruments sound with same standard frequency which implies that there has been a change or improvement in the way all the instruments are synchronized to achieve a uniform frequency.

Beat frequency can be simply termed as number of beats produced per second. Beat frequency can be easily calculated by formula :

$f_{beat}=\;\left|f_1-f_2\right|$

Here, $f_{beat}$ is beat frequency (number of beats produced per second) and $f_1$ and $f_2$ are frequency of two different sounds/tuning forks.

For example, if two tuning forks have frequencies of 440 Hz and 442 Hz, the beat frequency would be $\left|\;440-442\;\right|=2$ beats per second. The human ear should be able to detect and perceive these two beats.

When the difference in frequencies between two sound sources is large, the resulting beats become less perceptible to the human ear. Beats are more pronounced and easily perceived when the frequency difference is smaller. As the frequency difference increases, the rate of beats also increases, but the individual beats become less distinguishable and may merge into a continuous, rapidly fluctuating sound.

The ability to perceive beats is not solely dependent on the numerical difference in frequencies but also on the overall frequency range and sensitivity of an individual’s hearing. In many cases, people can perceive beats with differences well below 10 Hz.

Determination of Unknown Frequency by using concept of Beats

Lets us assume that we have two tuning forks Y and X . The frequency of Y is known to be 512Hz whereas the frequency of X is unknown. When Y is sounded with X it produces 4 beats per second.

$f_{beat}=\;\left|f_1-f_2\right| =4$

Using above formula and putting $f_{1}= 512Hz$ , we can say that the possible values of frequencies of unknown tuning fork are $512-4\;=\;508\;Hz\;and\;512+4\;=516Hz$

Now, it is to decide that which values is actual value of frequncy of unknown tuning fork X among $508Hz$ and $516Hz$ .

We have two method to assign correct value to unknown frequency X.

1.By Loading Unknown Tuning Fork (X) with wax

Loading of wax makes tuning fork heavier which leads to decrease in frequency. Thus, the frequency of unknown tuning fork X after loading wax, decreases. Let us say these decreased values are 507 Hz (for 508 Hz) and 515Hz ( for 516Hz).

Therefore, new possible beats when X (on loading) with decreased frequencies is sounded with Y are:
Case-1:- $\left|512-\;507\right|=\;5\;$ beats per second (note that beats increases in this case )

Case-2:- $\left|512-\;515\right|=\;3\;$ beats per second (note that beats decreases in this case )

(a).On loading wax, again sound the unknown tuning fork X with Y, if beats increases as in case (1), then 508Hz is actual value of unknown frequency, X=508Hz

(b). On loading wax, again sound the unknown tuning fork X with Y, if beats decrease as in case (2), then 516 Hz is actual value of unknown frequency, X=516 Hz

Sample Question– Tuning fork A when sounded with a tuning fork B of frequency 480 Hz gives 5 beats per second. When the prongs of A are loaded with wax, it gives 3 beats per second. Find the original frequency of A.

Solution:-

Given that , known frequency (of fork B) = 480 Hz
Let Unknown frequency of fork A = x

They produce beat when sounded together = 5

Therefore, possible values of x are 480- 5 = 475 Hz and 480+5 = 485 Hz
Now, we have to check which value among 475Hz and 485Hz is correct?

As, this is a case of loading wax , therefore, frequency of A (on loading wax) decreases. Hence, two possible values are 474 (say) and 484(say) respectively.

Therefore, new possible beats when A (on loading) with decreased frequencies is sounded with B(480Hz) are:

Case-1:- $\left|480-\;474\right|=\;6\;$ beats per second (note that beats increase in this case )

Case-2:- $\left|480-\;484\right|=\;4\;$ beats per second (note that beats decrease in this case )

It is already given that on loading fork B produces 3 beats per second with fork A which means beats per second are decreasing.
That is why we will chose the second case which shows decrease in beats per second. Finally, we assign 485 Hz as actual value of unknown fork A.
Answer of this question is $f_{A}= 485Hz$

Questions for practice

Question 1 – A tuning fork of known frequency 440 Hz is sounded simultaneously with another tuning fork. The beat frequency observed is 4 Hz. When a small piece of wax is loaded onto the second tuning fork, the beat frequency becomes 2 Hz. Determine the frequency of the second tuning fork.

Question-2 A tuning fork of unknown frequency is sounded simultaneously with another tuning fork of known frequency 450 Hz. The beat frequency observed is 5 Hz. To make the beats disappear, a small piece is filed from the prongs of the unknown tuning fork. After filing, the beat frequency reduces to 1 Hz. Determine the frequency of the unknown tuning fork before and after filing.

Now, you can try the above questions by yourself and send us the your answers. We would respond to answers in comment section.

2.By Filing Unknown Tuning Fork (X)

If the prong of fork is filed a little, its mass gets reduced and its frequency increases. Therefore, frequency of filed unknown tuning fork X decreases. Suppose that increased values are 510Hz Hz (for 508 Hz) and 518Hz ( for 516Hz).

Therefore, new possible beats when X (filed) with increased frequencies is sounded with Y are:
Case-1:- $\left|512-\;510\right|=\;2\;$ beats per second (note that beats decreases in this case )

Case-2:- $\left|512-\;518\right|=\;6\;$ beats per second (note that beats increases in this case )

(a).After filing, again sound the unknown tuning fork X with Y, if beats increases as in case (2), then 516Hz is actual value of unknown frequency, X=516Hz

(b). After filing, again sound the unknown tuning fork X with Y, if beats decrease as in case (1), then 508 Hz is actual value of unknown frequency, X=508 Hz

Sample Question– A tuning fork P produces 8 beats per second with another tuning fork Q of frequency 342Hz. When the prongs of the tuning fork P are filed a little, the number of beats produced per second decreases to 4. Find the frequency of the tuning fork P before filing its prongs.

Solution:-

Given that , known frequency (of fork Q) = 342 Hz
Let Unknown frequency of fork P = x

They produce beat when sounded together before filing = 8

Therefore, possible values of x are 342- 8 = 334 Hz and 342+8 = 350 Hz
Now, we have to check which value among 334Hz and 350Hz is actual frequency of P before filing?

As, this is a case of filing, therefore, frequency of P (on filing) increases. Hence, two possible values are 337 (say) and 353(say) respectively.

Therefore, new possible beats when P (after filing) with increased frequencies is sounded with Q(342 Hz) are:

Case-1:- $\left|342-\;337\right|=\;5\;$ beats per second (note that beats decrease in this case )

Case-2:- $\left|342-\;353\right|=\;9\;$ beats per second (note that beats increase in this case )

It is already given that on loading fork B produces 4 beats per second with fork A which means beats per second are decrease.

That is why we will chose the first case which shows decrease in beats per second. Finally, we assign 334 Hz as actual value of unknown fork P.
Answer of this question is $f_{P}= 334Hz$

For more questions, you can click here

Mechanics

10 Important Problems for IIT-JEE and NEET

Feb 13, 2024 PCM TUTORIALS 0 Comment

10 Important Problems for IIT-JEE and NEET

Problems 1 of "10 Important Problems for IIT-JEE and NEET"

Q1.A solid disc is rolling without slipping on a horizontal ground as shown in figure. Its total kinetic energy is 150 J . Its translational and rotational kinetic energies respectively are

(A) 50 J , 100 J

(B)100 J , 50J

(C) 75 J, 75J

(D) 125J , 25J

Solution

As we know that, for pure rolling(without slipping) $v=\;R\omega$

$\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T}=\frac{{\displaystyle\frac12}I\;\omega^2}{{\displaystyle\frac12}m\;v^2}$

$\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T}=\;\frac{\displaystyle\frac12\left(mK^2\right)\;\omega^2}{\displaystyle\frac12m\;v^2}$

$\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T} =\frac{\displaystyle K^2\;\omega^2}{\displaystyle v^2}$

$\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T}=\frac{\displaystyle K^2\;\omega^2}{\displaystyle{(R\omega)}^2}=\frac{\displaystyle K^2\;\omega^2}{\displaystyle R^2\;\omega^2}$

$\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T}=\frac{\displaystyle K^2\;}{\displaystyle R^2\;}$ .......(1)

Now, $I=\;\frac12m\;R^2=m\;K^2\; where\; K \;is \;radius\; of\; Gyration$

$\Rightarrow\frac{K^2}{R^2}=\frac12$ .......(2)

$\Rightarrow\;\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T}=\frac{K^2}{R^2}=\frac12$ [from (1) and (2)]

$\Rightarrow\;\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T}=\frac12$

$\Rightarrow\ K.E_T=\;\left(\frac2{1+2}\right)\;K.E._{total}$

$\Rightarrow\ K.E_T=\;\left(\frac2{3}\right)\;*150$

$\Rightarrow\ K.E_T= 2* 50 = 100J$

Similarly, $K.E_R=\;\left(\frac1{1+2}\right)\;K.E._{total}$

$\Rightarrow K.E_R=\;\left(\frac1{1+2}\right)\;*150$

$\Rightarrow K.E_R=\;\left(\frac1{3}\right)\;*150$

$\Rightarrow K.E_R=1*50=50J$

(B) is correct option

Problems 2 of "10 Important Problems for IIT-JEE and NEET"

Q2.For given system of two blocks, find the maximum value of force F which can be applied on the system as shown in figure so that both blocks move together. [Given coefficient of static friction between both blocks = 0.3]

(A) 3N

(B) 6N

(C) 9N

(D) 12N

Solution

Free body diagram of block of upper block is

We can see that the block 1 Kg (upper block) is moved by friction force. If block moves together (without slipping) it means the frictional force is static friction. Therefore,

$f_{s,max}=\;\mu_sN$

$f_{s,max}=\;\mu_s mg$

$f_{s,max}=\;\ 0.3 * 1 * 10 = 3N$

Thus, maximum acceleration that can be produced in upper block without slipping is

$a_{max}=\frac{f_{s,max}}m=\;\frac31=3ms^{-2}$

For system of blocks , to move together the maxmium force can be

$F_{max}=\;M_{sys,net\;}\ast\;\;a_{max}$

$F_{max}=(1+2) * 3= 9N$

(C) is correct option

Problems 3 of "10 Important Problems for IIT-JEE and NEET"

Q3.What is the maximum compression in the spring, if the lower block is shifted to rightward with acceleration a. (Given that all surfaces are smooth as shown).

(A) $\frac{ma}k$

(B) $\frac{2ma}k$

(C) $\frac{mak}2$

(D) $\frac{ma}{2k}$

Solution

Let us assume that the upper block of mass 'm' displaces by distance 'x' towards leftward with velocity 'v' (w.r.t to lower block) when lower block is shifted towards rightward with acceleration a.

We can solve this problem by two method (1) Force Method (2) Energy Method from non-inertial frame of refence (Lower plank/block) .

Force Method

Acc. to Newton's 2nd law of motion,

$F_{net}=F_{pseu}-F_{spring}$

$F_{net}=ma- kx$

$\frac{\operatorname dv}{\operatorname dt}=ma\;-\;kx$

$v\frac{\operatorname dv}{\operatorname dx}=ma\;-\;kx$

$v\;dv=\left(ma\;-\;kx\right)\;dx$

Integrating both sides

$\int_{v_i}^{v_f}\;vdv=\int_{x_i}^{x_f}\left(ma\;-\;kx\right)\;dx$

$\int_{0}^{0}\;vdv=\int_{0}^{x_o}\left(ma\;-\;kx\right)\;dx$

$\left[\frac{v^2}2\right]_0^0=\;ma\;\left[x\right]_0^{x_0}-k\left[\frac{x^2}2\right]_0^{x_o}$

$0-0=\;ma\;\left(x_o-0\right)-\;\frac12k\;\left(x_o^2-0\right)$

$0=\;ma x_o - \;\frac12k\ x_o^2$

$ma x_o = \frac12k\ x_o^2$

$2ma= k x_{o}$

$x_o=\frac{2ma}k$

(B) is correct option

let $a_1$ be the acceleration of upper block w.r.t the lower block

FBD of upper block from lower block reference frame

Boundary conditions for integration:

Initially, the upper block is at rest when x=0, therefore $v_{i}=0$

When the spring has maximum compression $x_{o}$ , again the block becomes stationary w.r.t. lower block.

So, $v_{f}=0$ , $when x=x_{o}$

Alternate Method

We can also solve this problem by Energy Method from non-inertial frame of refence (Lower plank/block) . We will apply Work-Energy theorem from lower block frame of reference.

Energy Method

We can apply Work-Energy theorem for initial and final position of upper block w.r.t. lower block

Since, at initial position the upper block is at rest, therefore $v_{i}=0$

When the spring has maximum compression $x_{o}$ , again the block becomes stationary w.r.t. lower block. So, also $v_{f}=0$

Acc. to Work-Energy Theorem,

$F_{net}=ma- kx$

$W.D_{net \;by\;all\;forces}\;=\triangle K.E.\;$

$W.D._{pseudo}\;\;+\;W.D._{spring}\;=\;\frac12m\;v_f^2-\frac12m\;v_i^2$

$W.D._{pseudo}\;\;+\;W.D._{spring}\;=\;\frac12m\;0^2-\frac12m\;0^2$

$\Rightarrow\;ma\;x_o-\;\frac12k\;x_o^2=0$

$\Rightarrow\;ma\;x_o=\;\frac12k\;x_o^2$

$\Rightarrow\;ma\;=\;\frac12k\;x_o$

$\Rightarrow\;x_o=\frac{2ma}k$

(B) is correct option

For more mechanics problems visit our question bank page

We must know that the work done by conservative forces is

$\;W.D._{cons}\;=-\triangle U$

$\;\Rightarrow\;W.D._{spring}\;=-\triangle U$

$\;\Rightarrow W.D._{spring}\;=-\;\frac12k\;x_{o}^2$

And, $W.D._{pseu}={\overrightarrow{F\;}}_{pseu}.\overrightarrow{x_o}$

$\Rightarrow W.D._{pseu}=F_{pseu}\;x_{o\;}\cos0^o$

$\Rightarrow W.D._{pseu}=ma\;x_{o\;}$

Problems 4 of "10 Important Problems for IIT-JEE and NEET"

Q4. A spaceship is launched into a circular orbit close to the earth's surface. What additional velocity has now to be imparted to the spaceship in the orbit to overcome the gravitational pull. Radius of earth =6400 km , g= 9.8 $ms^{-2}$

(A) $3.2 km/s$

(B) $11.2 km/s$

(C) $1.5 km/s$

(D) $8 km/s$

Solution

As we know that the speed of the spaceship in a circular orbit close to the earth's surface , $v_o=\;\sqrt{gR}$

Ans also, escape speed from earth's surface , $v_e=\;\sqrt{2gR}$

Additional velocity required to make spaceship escape,

$v_{additional}= v_{e}- v_o$ = $\;\sqrt{2gR}-\sqrt{gR}$ = $\left(\sqrt2-1\right)\;\sqrt{gR}$

$v_{additional}=0.414 * 7.9= 3.27 km/s$

(A) is correct option

Problems 5 of "10 Important Problems for IIT-JEE and NEET"

Q5. Moment of inertia of a uniform rod of length L and mass M, about an axis passing through L/3 from one end and perpendicular to its length is

(A) $\frac2{27}M\;L^2$

(B) $\frac1{6}M\;L^2$

(C) $\frac1{12}M\;L^2$

(D) $\frac19M\;L^2$

Solution

According to Parallel axis theorem ,

$I_{parallel\;\;}=\;I_{COM}\;+\;M_{total\;}\;d^2$

Here, d= perpendicular distance of parallel axis from the axis passing through C.O.M.

$\;I_{COM}\;$ = Moment of Inertia of rod passing through C.O.M. (perpendicular to rod)

$\Rightarrow\;I_{parallel}=\frac1{12}M\;L^2+\;M\;\left(\frac L6\right)^2$

$\Rightarrow\;I_{parallel}=\;ML^2\;\left[\frac1{12}+\frac1{36}\right]$

$\Rightarrow\;I_{parallel}=\frac19M\;L^2$

(D) is correct option

We have , $I_{com}=\frac1{12}ML^2$

$And \;total\;mass\;of\;rod,\;M_{total}=M$

$d=\frac L2-\frac L3=\frac L6$

Problems 6 of "10 Important Problems for IIT-JEE and NEET"

Q6.F-x equation of a body of mass 4 kg in S.H.M. is $F+\;16x\;=0$

Here, F is newton and x in meter. The time period of oscillations will be

(A) $6.28\; sec$

(B) $3.14\; sec$

(C) $1.57\; sec$

(D) $1 \; sec$

Solution

Given that, $F+\;16x\;=0$

Also, $m= 4kg$

$F=\;-16x$ .......(1)

On comparing (1) and (2)

$-kx= -16x$

$\Rightarrow\; k= 16$

Time period of S.H.M. is $T=2\pi\sqrt{\frac mk}$

$\Rightarrow T=2\pi\sqrt{\frac4{16}}$

$\Rightarrow T=2\pi\sqrt{\frac14}$

$\Rightarrow T=\frac{2\pi}2=\pi$

$\Rightarrow T=\pi=\;3.14\;sec$

(B) is correct option

We already know, the equation of S.H.M. can be written as

$F = -kx$ ......(2)

Problems 7 of "10 Important Problems for IIT-JEE and NEET"

Q7.A ball of mass m moving at a sped v makes a head on collision with an identical ball at rest. If the kinetic energy of the balls after collision is $\frac34th$ of the original. Then the coefficient of restitution is

(A) $e=\frac1{\sqrt2}$

(B) $e=\frac12$

(C) $e=\frac{\sqrt2}3$

(D) $e=\frac13$

Solution

Given that, mass of each ball $= m$

According to law of conservation of momentum

$m_1 u_1 +m_2 u_2 = m_1 v_1 + m_2 v_2$

$m v +m *0 = m v_1 + m v_2$

$m v = m (v_1 + v_2)$

$v = (v_1 + v_2)$

$v_1 + v_2 = v$ .....(1)

Given that , $K.E._{net,f\;}=\frac34K.E._{net,i\;}$

Therefore, $\frac12\;m_1\;v_1^2\;+\;\frac12\;m_2\;v_2^2\;=\;\frac34\left[\frac12\;m_1\;u_1^2\;+\;\frac12\;m_2\;u_2^2\;\right]$

$\frac12\;m\;\left(\frac{v(1-e)}2\right)^2\;+\;\frac12\;m\;\left(\frac{v(1+e)}2\right)^2\;=\;\frac34\left[\frac12\;m\;v^2\;+\;\frac12\;m\;{\ast\;0}^2\;\right]$

$\frac12\;\;\frac{v^2\;\left(1+e\right)^2}4\;+\;\frac12\;\;\frac{v^2\;\left(1-e\right)^2}4\;=\;\frac34\left(\frac12\;v^2\;\right)$

$\Rightarrow\left(1+e\right)^2+\left(1-e\right)^2=3$

$\Rightarrow1+\;e^2+\;2e\;+\;1\;+\;e^2-2e\;= 3$

$\Rightarrow\;2\;e^2=\;1$

$\Rightarrow\;e^2=\;\frac12$

$\Rightarrow\;e=\;\frac1{\sqrt2}$

(A) is correct option

The formula of coefficient of restitution is :

$e=\;\frac{vel. of sepration}{vel. of approach}$

$e=\;\frac{v_2-v_1}{u_1-u_2}$

$e=\;\frac{v_2-v_1}{v-0}$

$v_2- v_1= ev$ ....(2)

On adding (1) and (2), we get

$2 v_2 = v +ev$

$v_2=\;\frac{v(1+e)}2$

On subtracting (2) from (1), we get

$2 v_1 = v - ev$

$v_1=\;\frac{v(1-e)}2$

Problems 8 of "10 Important Problems for IIT-JEE and NEET"

Q8.The density of a rod AB increases linearly from A to B. Its mid-point is O and centre of mass is at C. Four axes pass through A, B, O and C , all perpendicular to the length of rod. The moments of inertia of the rod about these axes are $I_{A}$ , $I_{B}$ , $I_{O}$ and $I_{C}$ respectively. Then

(A) $I_{A}> I_{B}$

(B) $I_{C} < I_{B}$

(C) $I_{O}> I_{C}$

(D) All of these

Solution

Problems 9 of "10 Important Problems for IIT-JEE and NEET"

Q9.A simple harmonic oscillation has an amplitude A and time period T. The time required to travel from $x=A\;to\;x=\frac A2$ is

(A) $\frac T4$

(B) $\frac T5$

(C) $\frac T6$

(D) $\frac T{12}$

Solution

Problems 10 of "10 Important Problems for IIT-JEE and NEET"

Q10. A geostationary satellite is orbiting the earth at a height of 6R above the surface of earth where R is the radius of earth. The time period of another satellite at a distance of 3.5 R from the centre of earth is

(A) $16.96 hours$

(B) $8.48 hours$

(C) $9.25 hours$

(D) $15.76 hours$

Solution

We know that , orbital speed of satellite is

$v_o=\;\sqrt{\frac{GM}r}\;$

$where\;r\;is\;dis\tan ce\;from\;centre\;of\;planet/earth$

$T\;=\frac{dis\tan ce\;}{speed}=\;\frac{2\pi\;r}{v_o}$

$T\;=\;\frac{2\pi\;r}{\sqrt{\displaystyle\frac{GM}r}}$

$T\;=\;2\pi\;\sqrt{\frac{r^3}{GM}}$

$T\;=\;2\pi\;\sqrt{\frac{r^3}{GM}}\\T^2=\;4\;\pi^2\;\frac{r^3}{GM}$

$\Rightarrow T^2\;\;\propto\;r^3$

This is known as Kepler's Law of period for planetary motion

$r= R+ h$ where R is radius of planet/earth and h is height of satellite from surface of earth

$\Rightarrow r_1 = R+ 6R=7R \;and \;r_2= 3.5R$

$\Rightarrow T\;\propto\;r^\frac32$

$\frac{T_2}{T_1}=\;\left(\frac{r_2}{r_1}\right)^\frac32$

$\frac{T_2}{T_1}=\;\left(\frac{3.5R}{7R}\right)^\frac32$

$\frac{T_2}{T_1}=\;\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^\frac32$

$\frac{T_2}{T_1}=\frac1{2\sqrt2}$

$T_2 =T_1 * \frac1{2\sqrt2}$

$T_2 =24 * \frac1{2\sqrt2}$

$T_2 =12* \frac1{\sqrt2}$

$T_2 =12* 0.707= 8.48 \;hours$

(B) is correct option

Blog

A small body of density ρ is dropped from rest at a height h into a lake of density σ , where σ>ρ . What would be of the acceleration of body till it moves inside the lake? (Neglect all dissipative effects)

Feb 6, 2024 PCM TUTORIALS 0 Comment

A small body of density ρ is dropped from rest at a height h into a lake of density σ , where σ > ρ . What would be of the acceleration of body till it moves inside the lake? (Neglect all dissipative effects)

(A) $g\left(\frac\sigma\rho-1\right)\;downwards$

(B) $g\left(\frac\sigma\rho-1\right)\;upwards$

(C) $g\left(\frac\sigma\rho\right)\;downwards$

(D) $g\left(\frac\sigma\rho\right)\;upwards$

Solution

Let $V$ = Volume of body

$\rho$ = density of body

$\sigma$ = density of lake water

Thus, $m=\;\rho\;V$

As the density of liquid is more than that of body( σ > ρ), Therefore the body has tendency to float on the liquid because of larger upwards force in comparison to that of weight of body. Hence, net force will be upwards.

W know that $F_{up}=V\;\sigma g\;$

According to Newton's 2nd law of motion, we can write

$F_{net}= F_{up}-mg$ (upwards)

$F_{net}= V\sigma g -V \rho g$

$ma = V\sigma g -V \rho g$

$V\rho a = V\sigma g -V \rho g$

$a=\frac{V(\sigma-\rho)g}{V\rho}$

$a=\frac{(\sigma-\rho)g}{\rho}$

$a=g\left(\frac\sigma\rho-1\right)\;upwards$

(B) is correct option

Mechanics

The tension in a string holding a solid block below the surface of a liquid (of density greater than that of solid) as shown in the figure is [latex]T_o[/latex] (To) when the system is at rest. What will be the tension in the string if the system has upward acceleration a.

Feb 4, 2024 PCM TUTORIALS 2 Comment

Q1.The tension in a string holding a solid block below the surface of a liquid (of density greater than that of solid) as shown in the figure is $T_o$ (To) when the system is at rest. What will be the tension in the string if the system has upward acceleration a.

(A) $T_o\frac ag$

(B) $T_o\left(1-\frac ag\right)$

(C) $T_o\left(1+\frac ag\right)$

(D) $T_o\left(\frac ag-1\right)$

Solution

At Equilibrium (Rest), Free body diagram of block

$T_0+mg=F_{up}$

$T_o+V\rho_Sg=\;\;V\rho_Lg\\$

$Vg(\;\rho_L-\;\rho_S)\;=T_o$

$\rho_L-\;\rho_S=\frac{T_o}{Vg}\;-----(1)$

Free body diagram of block when it moves upwards.

When system moves up with acceleration 'a' then effective weight of fluid displaced also changes which is called apparent weight (of fluid displaced).

Acc. to Archimedes Principle , Upthrust = Weight (effective) of liquid/fluid displaced by object

$F_{up}^I=V\;\rho_L\;g_{eff}$

Since, the system is moving up with acceleration 'a' .Thus, $\\g_{eff}=\;g+a-----(2)$

As 'a' be the acceleration of system , Use Free body diagram of the moving block

According to Newton's 2nd Law of Motion

$F_{net}=F_{up}^I-mg-T$

Therefore, $ma=V\;\rho_L\;g_{eff}-mg-T$

$m(\;a\;+g)=V\;\rho_L\;g_{eff}\;-T$

$V\;\rho_S\;(\;a\;+g)=V\;\rho_L\;g_{eff}\;-T$

Now use (2), $V\;\rho_S\;(\;g+a)=V\;\rho_L\;(g+a)\;-T$

$V\;\rho_S\;(\;g+a)=V\;\rho_L\;(g+a)\;-T$

$T=\;V(g+a)\;(\;\rho_L-\;\rho_S)$

Using (1), $T=\;V(g+a)\;({\textstyle\frac{T_o}{V\;g}})\;$

Therefore, the tension in a string holding a solid block is

$T=\;\;T_o\left(1+\frac ag\right)\\$

Ans. (C) is correct option

A partially immersed solid block of density [latex]\rho_s[/latex] is floating in a liquid of density [latex]\rho_L[/latex] as shown in figure. If beaker container moves up with positive acceleration ‘a’ , what is correct statement about the block?

Feb 3, 2024 PCM TUTORIALS 0 Comment

Top 5 Fluid Mechanics problems for IIT-JEE NEET

Q.A partially immersed solid block of density $\rho_s$ is floating in a liquid of density $\rho_L$ as shown in figure. If beaker container moves up with positive acceleration 'a' , what is correct statement about the block ?

(A) It sinks more

(B) It sinks lesser

(C) It neither sinks more nor lesser

(D) Cannot be predicted as data is insufficient

Solution

Let $V_{in}$ = Volume of block immersed in the liquid

For Equilibrium of rest, see FBD as shown aside

$F_{up}=V_{in}\;\rho_Lg\;=\;mg$

$V_{in}\;\rho_Lg\;=\;V\;\rho_S\;g\;$

$\;\frac{V_{in}}V\;=\frac{\rho_S}{\rho_L}$

Therefore, fraction of volume inside the liquid is-

$\;\frac{V_{in}}V\;=\frac{\rho_S}{\rho_L}.....(1)$

When block is moving up , the FBD is shown in figure

$\;\\F_{up}^I=V_{in}^I\;\rho_L\;g_{eff}\\$

$F_{up}^I=V_{in}^I\;\rho_L\;(g+a).....(2)$

According to Newton's 2nd Law of Motion

$F_{net}=F_{up}^I-mg$

$ma =F_{up}^I-mg$

$F_{up}^I=m(g+a)$

$F_{up}^I=V\;\rho_S\;(g+a)\\....(3)$

From (2) and (3), $V_{in}^I\;\rho_L\;(g+a)=V\;\rho_S\;(g+a)$

$\;\frac{V_{in}^I}V\;=\frac{\rho_S}{\rho_L}$

$\;\frac{V_{in}}V\;=\frac{\rho_S}{\rho_L}=\;\frac{V_{in}^I}V\;$

Hence, fraction of volume immersed is again equal to $\frac{\rho_S}{\rho_L}$ . It means immersed volume remains same .

Ans. (C) is correct option

Actually, this question is all about the Archimedes Principle which focus on the concept of Upthrust/Buoyant force acting on completely or partially immersed solid block or any other solid/hollow object. It helps in calculating the loss of weight when any solid substance is partially or completely immersed into the liquid. The liquid container may be stationary or moving with constant velocity/ variable velocity.

When completely or partially immersed solid block lies in stationary beaker container :-

When beaker container is stationary then , according to Archimedes Principle , it loses its weight to equal to the weight of liquid displaced by the object (like completely or partially immersed solid block) . Therefore,

$F_{up}=V_{in}\;\rho_Lg\;=\;mg$

When completely or partially immersed solid block lies in beaker container moving up with constant acceleration :-

When beaker container is moving up with uniform acceleration, then the loss of weight of object is now equal to apparent weight of liquid displaced by it.Thus, buoyant force/ upthrust changes so as to balance the increased effective weight of solid block when it observed from frame of reference of accelerated beaker.

$F_{up}^I=F_{pseu}+W$

$F_{up}^I=ma\;+\;mg$

$F_{up}^I=m(g\;+\;a)$

$F_{up}^I=mg_{eff}$ where $g_{eff}=g+a$

Therefore, we can write

$\;\\F_{up}^I=V_{in}\;\rho_L\;g_{eff}\\$

$F_{up}^I=V_{in}\;\rho_L\;(g+a)$

Conclusion-

From the above discussion, we understand that the volume immersed does not change when the container accelerates uniformly upwards or downwards along vertical. Immersed part remains same. Block neither sinks more nor lesser. This problems is best combine of Newton’s laws of motion, Archimedes’s Principle and Law of Flotation. This is how we reach to the conclusion that the knowledge of Free Body Diagram and Pseudo force is necessary to get into problems solving process. In fact the basic idea of pseudo force can be summarized into one line that a problem which is solved by application Newton’s 2nd law (from ground frame) gets converted into problem of Equilibrium of rest (from non-inertial frame of reference) by introducing concept of pseudo force.
Pseudo force can be written as:

${\overrightarrow{F\;\;}}_{pseu}=-M_{object}\;\;{\overrightarrow{a\;\;}}_{frame}$
The negative sign shows that the peudo force is taken opposite to direction of acceleration of non-inertial frame.
Law of flotation simply gives us the condition under which an object floats partially or completely immersed inside the liquid. It suggest that
(i) if the density of solid is lesser than density of liquid then it floats partially immersed in the liquid
(ii) if the density of solid is equal to the density of liquid then it floats completely immersed in the liquid
(iii) if the density of solid is more than the density of liquid then it sinks completely unitl it settles down to bottom of container.
It is very interesting to note that this law also helps to find out fraction of immersed volume of object inside the liquid. We have to understand the relationships between different concepts of mechanics to solve such type of fluid mechanics problems.

Mechanics

A block of mass 1 kg and density 0.8 $g/cm^3$ is held stationary with the help of a string as shown in figure. The block is completely immersed into the water filled in tank.If the tank is accelerating vertically upwards with an acceleration a = 2 $m/s^2.$

(i) Find the tension in the string.

(A) 3 N

(B) 2 N

(C) 3.5 N

(D) 5.5 N

Solution

Let $V$ = Volume of body

$\rho$ = density of block = 0.8 $\frac{g}{cm^3}$ = $800\frac{kg}{m^3}$

$\sigma$ = density of water =1000 $\frac{kg}{m^3}$

We know that, the mass of block= $m=\;\rho\;V$

$\rho=\frac mV$

$V=\frac m\rho$

We know that $F_{up}=V\sigma(g+a)\;$

$\Rightarrow F_{up}=\frac m\rho\sigma(g+a)\;$

$\Rightarrow F_{up}=\frac1{800}\ast1000\ast(10+2)=15N$

According to Newton's 2nd law of motion, we can write

$F_{net}= F_{up}-T- mg$

$ma= F_{up} -T- mg$

$12= 15-T-110$

$2= 15 - T- 10$

$T= 15 - 10-2=3N$

(A) is correct option

Q5. from "Top 5 Fluid Mechanics problems for IIT-JEE NEET"

Q5.A wooden ball of density $900 kg / m^{3}$ is immersed in a liquid of density $1200 kg / m^{3}$ to a depth of 126 cm and the released. The height h above the surface of which the ball rises will be

Click here to unlock this option (A)

40 cm

Click here to unlock this option (B)

42 cm

Click here to unlock this option (C)

45 cm

Click here to unlock this option (D)

50 cm

Choose correct options among the following options.

A wooden ball of density $900 kg / m^{3}$ is immersed in a liquid of density $1200 kg / m^{3}$ to a depth of 126 cm and the released. The height h above the surface of which the ball rises will be

(A) 40 cm

(B) 42 cm

(C) 45 cm

(D) 50 cm

Solution

Let $V$ = Volume of ball

Given that, $\rho$ = density of ball= $900\frac{kg}{m^3}$

$\sigma$ = density of liquid =1200 $\frac{kg}{m^3}$

As, the density of ball = $\rho=\frac mV$

$m=V\rho$

We know that $F_{up}=V\sigma g\;$

According to Newton's 2nd law of motion, we can write

$F_{net}= F_{up}-mg$

$ma= V\sigma g - V\rho g$

$V\rho a= V\sigma g - V\rho g$

$a=\;\frac{V\sigma g-V\rho g}{V\rho}$

$a=\;\frac{(\sigma-\rho)g}\rho$

$a=\;\frac{(1200-900)g}{900}$

$a=\;\frac{(300)g}{900}$

$a=\;\frac{g}{3}$

Now, u=0 (because the ball is released from rest)

When ball reaches to surface, S= 126 cm = 1.26 m. Also, let us assume that it attains velocity v at top surface.

According to Kinematics Equation of U.A.M., $v^2-u^2=2aS$

$\Rightarrow v^2-0^2=2\left(\frac g3\right)\;\left(1.26\right)$

$\Rightarrow v^2=0.84 g .....(1)$

h= height the ball attains when it rises up with velocity v from top surafce

Since , the ball rises up vertically under the effect of gravity, so it would come to rest momentarily when it attains height 'h'

$v^{'}=0$

$A =-g$

(-ve sign appears as the diraction of acceleration is against motion)

Again,apply $V^2-U^2=2AS$

$\Rightarrow\;v'^2-v^2=2(-g) h$

$\Rightarrow\;0^2-v^2=2(-g) h$

$\Rightarrow\ v^2=2gh ....(2)$

From (1) and (2), we get,

$0.84g = 2gh$

$h=\frac{0.84g}{2g}$

$h=0.42m=42cm$

(B) is correct option

Conculsion -

NEET (UG)

Jan 2, 2024 PCM TUTORIALS 0 Comment

NEET, which stands for the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test, is a national-level entrance examination in India for admission to undergraduate medical courses (MBBS/BDS) in government or private medical colleges across the country. NEET is the sole entrance test for admission to medical and dental programs in India.

Key features of the NEET exam include:

Eligibility:
- Candidates must have completed 10+2 or its equivalent with Physics, Chemistry, Biology/Biotechnology, and English as mandatory subjects.
- The minimum age limit for candidates is generally 17 years, and there is an upper age limit (with some relaxations for certain categories).
Subjects and Exam Pattern:
- NEET primarily assesses the candidates’ knowledge in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (Botany and Zoology).
- The exam consists of multiple-choice questions (MCQs), and each correct answer is awarded four marks, while one mark is deducted for each incorrect answer.
Mode of Examination:
- NEET is conducted in a pen-and-paper-based (offline) mode. However, there have been discussions about transitioning to a computer-based mode in the future.
Syllabus:
- The syllabus for NEET is based on the topics covered in the 11th and 12th standards, following the NCERT curriculum. It includes subjects like Physics, Chemistry, and Biology.
National Testing Agency (NTA):
- NEET is conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA), which is responsible for the conduct of various entrance examinations in India.
Admission Process:
- NEET scores are used by medical colleges across India to admit students to MBBS and BDS programs.
- Counseling for NEET is conducted by the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) and the Medical Counseling Committee (MCC), which oversee the allocation of seats in government and private medical colleges.
Attempts:
- Candidates are allowed a maximum of three attempts to appear for the NEET examination, subject to the upper age limit.

NEET replaced several individual state and university-level medical entrance exams to bring uniformity in the admission process for medical courses. It is considered one of the most challenging and competitive medical entrance exams in the country. NEET plays a crucial role in determining the eligibility of students to pursue undergraduate medical education, contributing to the standardization and transparency of the medical admissions process in India.

Education: IIT JEE (Main & Advanced)

IIT JEE (Main & Advanced)

Jan 2, 2024 PCM TUTORIALS 0 Comment

The Indian Institutes of Technology Joint Entrance Examination, commonly referred to as IIT JEE Main, stands as a formidable challenge for aspiring engineers across India. This highly competitive examination is a gateway to some of the most prestigious engineering institutes in the country. In this blog, we’ll delve into the intricacies of the IIT JEE Main examination, exploring its structure, challenges, and the transformative journey it entails for countless students.

Understanding the Examination:

IIT JEE Main is a two-tier examination conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA). The first tier is the Main examination, which serves as a qualifying round for the JEE Advanced, the gateway to the esteemed Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). The exam evaluates candidates in three core subjects – Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics – and assesses their problem-solving abilities and analytical skills.

Structure of IIT JEE Main:

Paper Pattern: The JEE Main examination consists of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) and numerical value-based questions. The paper is divided into three sections, one for each subject, with equal weightage given to Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics.
Mode of Examination: JEE Main is conducted in two modes: Computer-Based Test (CBT) and Pen-and-Paper-Based Test (PBT). The computer-based test allows candidates to navigate through questions on a computer, while the pen-and-paper-based test involves answering questions on a physical answer sheet.
Scoring and Ranking: Candidates are awarded four marks for each correct answer, and one mark is deducted for every incorrect answer. The total marks obtained determine the candidate’s rank in the examination, with higher ranks providing better chances of securing admission to premier engineering institutes.
The Joint Entrance Examination Advanced, commonly known as JEE Advanced, is a prestigious and highly competitive examination in India. It is the second stage of the two-tier JEE exam system, the first being JEE Main. JEE Advanced is conducted annually for admission to the undergraduate programs offered by the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and a few other top engineering institutes.

Key features of JEE Advanced:
1. Eligibility: Only candidates who have successfully cleared the JEE Main examination are eligible to appear for JEE Advanced. The top 2.5 lakh (approximately) candidates from JEE Main are eligible to register for JEE Advanced.
2. IIT Admission: JEE Advanced is the gateway for admission to the coveted Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), which are known for their excellence in engineering and technology education. It is also used for admissions to some other premier institutes, including the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs) and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc).
3. Exam Pattern: JEE Advanced has a different exam pattern compared to JEE Main. The examination typically consists of two papers, Paper 1 and Paper 2, each containing questions from Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics. The questions are designed to test a candidate’s understanding of concepts, analytical ability, and problem-solving skills.
4. IIT Zonal Coordinating IIT: Each year, one of the IITs is chosen to be the organizing institute for JEE Advanced. The organizing institute is responsible for conducting the examination, and the responsibility rotates among the IITs.
5. Online Mode: JEE Advanced is usually conducted in the online mode (Computer-Based Test). This format allows for efficient and secure administration of the exam.
6. Multiple Attempts: A candidate is allowed a maximum of two consecutive attempts at JEE Advanced. The attempt in the year in which the candidate passes Class 12 is considered their first attempt.
7. Admission Based on Rank: Admissions to various undergraduate programs in IITs are based on the rank secured by candidates in the JEE Advanced examination. The counseling and seat allocation process is conducted through the Joint Seat Allocation Authority (JoSAA).
JEE Advanced is renowned for its difficulty level and is considered one of the toughest engineering entrance exams in the country. Success in JEE Advanced opens up opportunities for students to pursue cutting-edge engineering and technology education at the premier IITs, shaping their careers in the field of science and technology.
JEE Main and JEE Advanced are both important examinations in India for admission to undergraduate engineering programs. Here are the key differences between JEE Main and JEE Advanced:

Purpose:

JEE Main: It is the first stage of the Joint Entrance Examination and serves as a qualifying exam for various undergraduate engineering programs in India. It is the gateway for admission to National Institutes of Technology (NITs), Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs), and other government-funded technical institutes.

JEE Advanced: It is the second stage and is conducted for admission to the prestigious Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and a few other top engineering institutes in India.

Eligibility:

JEE Main: Candidates who have completed their 10+2 education or equivalent can appear for JEE Main. It is open to all candidates who meet the eligibility criteria, and there is no restriction on the number of attempts.

JEE Advanced: Only the top candidates (usually around 2.5 lakh) from JEE Main are eligible to appear for JEE Advanced. This makes JEE Advanced a more exclusive and challenging examination.

Exam Pattern:

JEE Main: The exam consists of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) and numerical value-based questions. It assesses the candidate’s understanding of Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics.

JEE Advanced: The exam also includes multiple-choice questions, but it is known for its more complex and challenging problems. It aims to evaluate a candidate’s analytical thinking, problem-solving skills, and a deep understanding of concepts.

Number of Papers:

JEE Main: There is a single paper with questions from Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics.

JEE Advanced: The examination consists of two papers, Paper 1 and Paper 2, each with questions from the same three subjects.

Mode of Examination:

JEE Main: It is conducted in both online (Computer-Based Test) and offline (Pen-and-Paper Based Test) modes.

JEE Advanced: It is typically conducted in online mode (Computer-Based Test).

Admission Process:

JEE Main: The scores of JEE Main are used for admission to NITs, IIITs, and other GFTIs. It is also a qualifying criterion for JEE Advanced.

JEE Advanced: The ranks obtained in JEE Advanced determine admission to IITs and a few other top engineering institutes. The counseling and seat allocation process is managed by the Joint Seat Allocation Authority (JoSAA).

In summary, while JEE Main is the first step for admission to various engineering institutes, JEE Advanced is the subsequent stage for those seeking admission to the prestigious Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and a few other elite institutions. The difficulty level of JEE Advanced is generally higher than that of JEE Main.
IIT JEE Main/Advanced is not just an examination; it’s a rite of passage that has the power to shape the future of aspiring engineers. Beyond the challenges lie opportunities for growth, learning, and the fulfillment of lifelong dreams. As candidates embark on this transformative journey, they are not merely preparing for an exam but laying the foundation for a promising future in the dynamic field of engineering.

Education: NEET Medical

Top 20 Government Medical Colleges in India for M.B.B.S.

Dec 16, 2023 PCM TUTORIALS 0 Comment

List of the “top 20 government medical colleges in India for MBBS.” We are just providing you with a list of some renowned government medical colleges in India that have historically been considered among the top. It must be noted that rankings can change, and it’s advisable to check the most recent rankings for accurate information. Here is a list (in no particular order) of some prestigious government medical colleges in India:

All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi
Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC), Pune
Maulana Azad Medical College (MAMC), New Delhi
JIPMER, Puducherry
Grant Medical College, Mumbai
King George’s Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow
Lady Hardinge Medical College (LHMC), New Delhi
Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute (BMCRI), Bangalore
Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (IMS-BHU), Varanasi
Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad
Madras Medical College, Chennai
Government Medical College and Hospital (GMCH), Chandigarh
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (JNMC), Aligarh
Gandhi Medical College, Hyderabad
Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram
Madurai Medical College, Madurai
Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College (BJMC), Pune
Stanley Medical College, Chennai
Government Medical College, Kozhikode
Sawai Man Singh Medical College (SMSMC), Jaipur

This list is not exhaustive, and there are many other excellent government medical colleges across India. Rankings may vary, and it’s essential to check the latest rankings and admission criteria before making any decisions. Additionally, new colleges may have gained recognition, and existing ones might have seen changes in their status since my last update.

Tag IIT JEE

Count of Beats : How to determine the frequency of Unknown Tuning Fork

f_{beat}=\;\left|f_1-f_2\right|

Determination of Unknown Frequency by using concept of Beats

f_{beat}=\;\left|f_1-f_2\right| =4

Now, it is to decide that which values is actual value of frequncy of unknown tuning fork X among 508Hz and 516Hz.

We have two method to assign correct value to unknown frequency X.

1.By Loading Unknown Tuning Fork (X) with wax

(a).On loading wax, again sound the unknown tuning fork X with Y, if beats increases as in case (1), then 508Hz is actual value of unknown frequency, X=508Hz

(b). On loading wax, again sound the unknown tuning fork X with Y, if beats decrease as in case (2), then 516 Hz is actual value of unknown frequency, X=516 Hz

Questions for practice

2.By Filing Unknown Tuning Fork (X)

(a).After filing, again sound the unknown tuning fork X with Y, if beats increases as in case (2), then 516Hz is actual value of unknown frequency, X=516Hz

(b). After filing, again sound the unknown tuning fork X with Y, if beats decrease as in case (1), then 508 Hz is actual value of unknown frequency, X=508 Hz

For more questions, you can click here

10 Important Problems for IIT-JEE and NEET

Problems 1 of "10 Important Problems for IIT-JEE and NEET"

Q1.A solid disc is rolling without slipping on a horizontal ground as shown in figure. Its total kinetic energy is 150 J . Its translational and rotational kinetic energies respectively are

(A) 50 J , 100 J

(B)100 J , 50J

(C) 75 J, 75J

(D) 125J , 25J

Solution

As we know that, for pure rolling(without slipping) v=\;R\omega

\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T}=\frac{{\displaystyle\frac12}I\;\omega^2}{{\displaystyle\frac12}m\;v^2}

\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T}=\;\frac{\displaystyle\frac12\left(mK^2\right)\;\omega^2}{\displaystyle\frac12m\;v^2}

\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T} =\frac{\displaystyle K^2\;\omega^2}{\displaystyle v^2}

\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T}=\frac{\displaystyle K^2\;\omega^2}{\displaystyle{(R\omega)}^2}=\frac{\displaystyle K^2\;\omega^2}{\displaystyle R^2\;\omega^2}

\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T}=\frac{\displaystyle K^2\;}{\displaystyle R^2\;}.......(1)

Now, I=\;\frac12m\;R^2=m\;K^2\; where\; K \;is \;radius\; of\; Gyration

\Rightarrow\frac{K^2}{R^2}=\frac12.......(2)

\Rightarrow\;\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T}=\frac{K^2}{R^2}=\frac12 [from (1) and (2)]

\Rightarrow\;\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T}=\frac12

\Rightarrow\ K.E_T=\;\left(\frac2{1+2}\right)\;K.E._{total}

\Rightarrow\ K.E_T=\;\left(\frac2{3}\right)\;*150

\Rightarrow\ K.E_T= 2* 50 = 100J

Similarly, K.E_R=\;\left(\frac1{1+2}\right)\;K.E._{total}

\Rightarrow K.E_R=\;\left(\frac1{1+2}\right)\;*150

\Rightarrow K.E_R=\;\left(\frac1{3}\right)\;*150

\Rightarrow K.E_R=1*50=50J

(B) is correct option

Problems 2 of "10 Important Problems for IIT-JEE and NEET"

Q2.For given system of two blocks, find the maximum value of force F which can be applied on the system as shown in figure so that both blocks move together. [Given coefficient of static friction between both blocks = 0.3]

(A) 3N

(B) 6N

(C) 9N

(D) 12N

Solution

Free body diagram of block of upper block is

We can see that the block 1 Kg (upper block) is moved by friction force. If block moves together (without slipping) it means the frictional force is static friction. Therefore,

f_{s,max}=\;\mu_sN

f_{s,max}=\;\mu_s mg

f_{s,max}=\;\ 0.3 * 1 * 10 = 3N

f_{s,max}=\;\ 0.3 * 1 * 10 = 3N

Thus, maximum acceleration that can be produced in upper block without slipping is

a_{max}=\frac{f_{s,max}}m=\;\frac31=3ms^{-2}

For system of blocks , to move together the maxmium force can be

F_{max}=\;M_{sys,net\;}\ast\;\;a_{max}

F_{max}=(1+2) * 3= 9N

(C) is correct option

Problems 3 of "10 Important Problems for IIT-JEE and NEET"

Q3.What is the maximum compression in the spring, if the lower block is shifted to rightward with acceleration a. (Given that all surfaces are smooth as shown).

(A) \frac{ma}k

(B) \frac{2ma}k

(C) \frac{mak}2

(D) \frac{ma}{2k}

Solution

Let us assume that the upper block of mass 'm' displaces by distance 'x' towards leftward with velocity 'v' (w.r.t to lower block) when lower block is shifted towards rightward with acceleration a.

We can solve this problem by two method (1) Force Method (2) Energy Method from non-inertial frame of refence (Lower plank/block) .

Force Method

Acc. to Newton's 2nd law of motion,

F_{net}=F_{pseu}-F_{spring}

F_{net}=ma- kx

\frac{\operatorname dv}{\operatorname dt}=ma\;-\;kx

v\frac{\operatorname dv}{\operatorname dx}=ma\;-\;kx

v\;dv=\left(ma\;-\;kx\right)\;dx

Integrating both sides

\int_{v_i}^{v_f}\;vdv=\int_{x_i}^{x_f}\left(ma\;-\;kx\right)\;dx

\int_{0}^{0}\;vdv=\int_{0}^{x_o}\left(ma\;-\;kx\right)\;dx

\left[\frac{v^2}2\right]_0^0=\;ma\;\left[x\right]_0^{x_0}-k\left[\frac{x^2}2\right]_0^{x_o}

$f_{beat}=\;\left|f_1-f_2\right|$

$f_{beat}=\;\left|f_1-f_2\right| =4$

Now, it is to decide that which values is actual value of frequncy of unknown tuning fork X among $508Hz$ and $516Hz$ .

As we know that, for pure rolling(without slipping) $v=\;R\omega$

$\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T}=\frac{{\displaystyle\frac12}I\;\omega^2}{{\displaystyle\frac12}m\;v^2}$

$\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T}=\;\frac{\displaystyle\frac12\left(mK^2\right)\;\omega^2}{\displaystyle\frac12m\;v^2}$

$\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T} =\frac{\displaystyle K^2\;\omega^2}{\displaystyle v^2}$

$\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T}=\frac{\displaystyle K^2\;\omega^2}{\displaystyle{(R\omega)}^2}=\frac{\displaystyle K^2\;\omega^2}{\displaystyle R^2\;\omega^2}$

$\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T}=\frac{\displaystyle K^2\;}{\displaystyle R^2\;}$ .......(1)

Now, $I=\;\frac12m\;R^2=m\;K^2\; where\; K \;is \;radius\; of\; Gyration$

$\Rightarrow\frac{K^2}{R^2}=\frac12$ .......(2)

$\Rightarrow\;\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T}=\frac{K^2}{R^2}=\frac12$ [from (1) and (2)]

$\Rightarrow\;\frac{K.E._R}{K.E_T}=\frac12$

$\Rightarrow\ K.E_T=\;\left(\frac2{1+2}\right)\;K.E._{total}$

$\Rightarrow\ K.E_T=\;\left(\frac2{3}\right)\;*150$

$\Rightarrow\ K.E_T= 2* 50 = 100J$

Similarly, $K.E_R=\;\left(\frac1{1+2}\right)\;K.E._{total}$

$\Rightarrow K.E_R=\;\left(\frac1{1+2}\right)\;*150$

$\Rightarrow K.E_R=\;\left(\frac1{3}\right)\;*150$

$\Rightarrow K.E_R=1*50=50J$

$f_{s,max}=\;\mu_sN$

$f_{s,max}=\;\mu_s mg$

$f_{s,max}=\;\ 0.3 * 1 * 10 = 3N$

$f_{s,max}=\;\ 0.3 * 1 * 10 = 3N$

$a_{max}=\frac{f_{s,max}}m=\;\frac31=3ms^{-2}$

$F_{max}=\;M_{sys,net\;}\ast\;\;a_{max}$

$F_{max}=(1+2) * 3= 9N$

(A) $\frac{ma}k$

(B) $\frac{2ma}k$

(C) $\frac{mak}2$

(D) $\frac{ma}{2k}$

$F_{net}=F_{pseu}-F_{spring}$

$F_{net}=ma- kx$

$\frac{\operatorname dv}{\operatorname dt}=ma\;-\;kx$

$v\frac{\operatorname dv}{\operatorname dx}=ma\;-\;kx$

$v\;dv=\left(ma\;-\;kx\right)\;dx$

$\int_{v_i}^{v_f}\;vdv=\int_{x_i}^{x_f}\left(ma\;-\;kx\right)\;dx$

$\int_{0}^{0}\;vdv=\int_{0}^{x_o}\left(ma\;-\;kx\right)\;dx$

$\left[\frac{v^2}2\right]_0^0=\;ma\;\left[x\right]_0^{x_0}-k\left[\frac{x^2}2\right]_0^{x_o}$

$0-0=\;ma\;\left(x_o-0\right)-\;\frac12k\;\left(x_o^2-0\right)$

$0=\;ma x_o - \;\frac12k\ x_o^2$

$ma x_o = \frac12k\ x_o^2$

$2ma= k x_{o}$

$x_o=\frac{2ma}k$

let $a_1$ be the acceleration of upper block w.r.t the lower block

Initially, the upper block is at rest when x=0, therefore $v_{i}=0$

When the spring has maximum compression $x_{o}$ , again the block becomes stationary w.r.t. lower block.

So, $v_{f}=0$ , $when x=x_{o}$

Since, at initial position the upper block is at rest, therefore $v_{i}=0$

When the spring has maximum compression $x_{o}$ , again the block becomes stationary w.r.t. lower block. So, also $v_{f}=0$

$F_{net}=ma- kx$

$W.D_{net \;by\;all\;forces}\;=\triangle K.E.\;$

$W.D._{pseudo}\;\;+\;W.D._{spring}\;=\;\frac12m\;v_f^2-\frac12m\;v_i^2$

$W.D._{pseudo}\;\;+\;W.D._{spring}\;=\;\frac12m\;v_f^2-\frac12m\;v_i^2$

$W.D._{pseudo}\;\;+\;W.D._{spring}\;=\;\frac12m\;0^2-\frac12m\;0^2$

$\Rightarrow\;ma\;x_o-\;\frac12k\;x_o^2=0$

$\Rightarrow\;ma\;x_o=\;\frac12k\;x_o^2$

$\Rightarrow\;ma\;=\;\frac12k\;x_o$

$\Rightarrow\;x_o=\frac{2ma}k$

$\;W.D._{cons}\;=-\triangle U$

$\;\Rightarrow\;W.D._{spring}\;=-\triangle U$

$\;\Rightarrow W.D._{spring}\;=-\;\frac12k\;x_{o}^2$

And, $W.D._{pseu}={\overrightarrow{F\;}}_{pseu}.\overrightarrow{x_o}$

$\Rightarrow W.D._{pseu}=F_{pseu}\;x_{o\;}\cos0^o$

$\Rightarrow W.D._{pseu}=ma\;x_{o\;}$

Q4. A spaceship is launched into a circular orbit close to the earth's surface. What additional velocity has now to be imparted to the spaceship in the orbit to overcome the gravitational pull. Radius of earth =6400 km , g= 9.8 $ms^{-2}$

(A) $3.2 km/s$

(B) $11.2 km/s$

(C) $1.5 km/s$

(D) $8 km/s$

As we know that the speed of the spaceship in a circular orbit close to the earth's surface , $v_o=\;\sqrt{gR}$

Ans also, escape speed from earth's surface , $v_e=\;\sqrt{2gR}$

$v_{additional}= v_{e}- v_o$ = $\;\sqrt{2gR}-\sqrt{gR}$ = $\left(\sqrt2-1\right)\;\sqrt{gR}$

$v_{additional}=0.414 * 7.9= 3.27 km/s$

(A) $\frac2{27}M\;L^2$

(B) $\frac1{6}M\;L^2$

(C) $\frac1{12}M\;L^2$

(D) $\frac19M\;L^2$

$I_{parallel\;\;}=\;I_{COM}\;+\;M_{total\;}\;d^2$

$\;I_{COM}\;$ = Moment of Inertia of rod passing through C.O.M. (perpendicular to rod)